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Alprazolam is the most frequently used drug of the benzodiazepine family and is one of the 10 most prescribed drugs in the USA (RxList 2000). Alprazolam, a 1,4-triazolobenzodiazepine analog, has a relatively short half-life, is free from active metabolites and is usually prescribed for the treatment of generalized anxiety and panic disorder. Clinical dosages of alprazolam, administrated in divided doses, range from 0.5 mg to 4 mg/day for the treatment of anxiety disorder and from 6 to 10 mg/day for the treatment of panic disorder. Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

Alprazolam has also anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties (Jonas and Cohon 1993; Petty et al. 1995; Casacalenda and Boulenger 1998). Since anxiety is often accompanied by depression it is suggested that alprazolam is a more powerful anxiolytic in comparison to other benzodiazepines that lack these antidepressant properties (Petty et al. 1995). The drug has a fast onset to anxiety relief (less than one week) when compared with anxiety treatment with buspirone or SSRIs (two to four weeks). Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

Besides the benefits of alprazolam’s therapeutic effects, commonly reported adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects are sedation, reduced alertness, drowsiness, confusion, sleepiness, dizziness and headache. These adverse effects seem to diminish during treatment; however, they do not disappear completely (O’Sullivan et al. 1994). In addition, long-term alprazolam treatment raised concerns about abuse potential, drug dependency, and withdrawal phenomena. Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

The effects of alprazolam can be explained by its pharmacological actions in the brain, where it binds with high affinity to the GABA_A benzodiazepine receptor complex. Alprazolam facilitates the binding of GABA resulting in an increased influx of chloride ions. In turn, the presence of GABA inhibits the action of connected brain structures by interacting with several other neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic and opioidergic systems (Julien 1998). The GABA_A benzodiazepine receptor complex comprises several subunits, of which α and γ subunits are able to bind benzodiazepines. Recent evidence (Rudolph et al. 2001; Weinberger 2001) has shown that these subunits can be further divided into numerically labeled isoforms (α₁– α₆, γ₁– γ₃). It has been shown that activation of α₁ subunits mediates sedation, anterograde amnesia, and hypnotic effects of benzodiazepines, whereas activation of α₂ subunits causes anti-anxiety effects. It is therefore not surprising that α₂ subunits are abundantly present in the amygdala, hippocampus and cerebral cortex: brain structures that are involved in mediating anxiety processes. Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

Unfortunately, the effects of alprazolam are not limited to ‘therapeutic meaningful’ sites of action (α₂ effects), since alprazolam enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA which causes a general slowing of brain activity, resulting in sedation and reduced alertness (α₁ effects). Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

Taking into account the large number of alprazolam prescriptions, its ambulatory use, and adverse CNS effects, it is evident that the effects of alprazolam on daily activities such as driving a car are of major concern to society. In this context, epidemiological evidence showed increased risk of hip fractures (Ray et al. 1987, 1989) and traffic accidents (Neutel 1995; Hemmelgarn et al. 1997; Barbone et al. 1998) after anxiolytic benzodiazepine use. However, these effects were significant only for benzodiazepines with a long elimination half life (>24 h), and not for those with a short half life (<24 h), such as alprazolam (mean half life is approximately 11 h). Some epidemiological studies, however, did specifically investigate alprazolam’s effects, and an association between alprazolam use and increased risk of falling down has been shown (Mendelson 1996). Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia

The popularity and clinical efficacy of alprazolam has resulted in a large number of studies concerning its effects on various aspects of human performance and memory functioning. These studies consistently reported significant performance impairment after acute dosages (1.0 mg and higher) of alprazolam in tests measuring skills related to driving, such as tracking (Ellinwood et al. 1985, 1987; Linnoila et al. 1990; Nikaido et al. 1990; Ellinwood et al. 1993; Vermeeren et al. 1995; Kroboth et al. 1998), vigilance performance (Kožená et al. 1995; Suzuki et al. 1995) and reaction speed (Hindmarch 1983; Block and Berchou 1984; Linnoila et al. 1990; Bond et al. 1991; Danjou et al. 1992; Saletu et al. 1994; Kroboth et al. 1998). There is, however, a lively debate concerning the predictive validity of laboratory tests to actual on-the-road driving performance. In this context, it has been shown that laboratory simulation tests are not sensitive when compared with actual on-the-road driving tests during normal traffic (Volkerts et al. 1992). Where to Buy Kalma 2, Alprazolam 2mg for sale online in Australia